Music in Ancient Egypt

Although music existed in prehistoric Egypt, the evidence for it becomes secure only in the historical (or "dynastic" or "pharaonic") period--after 3100 BCE. Music formed an important part of Egyptian life, and musicians occupied a variety of positions in Egyptian society. Music found its way into many contexts in Egypt: temples, palaces, workshops, farms, battlefields and the tomb. Music was an integral part of religious worship in ancient Egypt, so it is not surprising that there were gods specifically associated with music, such as Hathor and Bes (both were also associated with dance, fertility and childbirth).
All the major categories of musical instruments (percussion, wind, stringed) were represented in pharaonic Egypt. Percussion instruments included hand-held drums, rattles, castanets, bells, and the sistrum--a highly important rattle used in religious worship. Hand clapping too was used as a rhythmic accompaniment. Wind instruments included flutes (double and single, with reeds and without) and trumpets. Stringed instruments included harps, lyres, and lutes--plucked rather than bowed. Instruments were frequently inscribed with the name of the owner and decorated with representations of the goddess (Hathor) or god (Bes) of music. Both male and female voices were also frequently used in Egyptian music.
Professional musicians existed on a number of social levels in ancient Egypt. Perhaps the highest status belonged to temple musicians; the office of "musician" (shemayet) to a particular god or goddess was a position of high status frequently held by women. Musicians connected with the royal household were held in high esteem, as were certain gifted singers and harp players. Somewhat lower on the social scale were musicians who acted as entertainers for parties and festivals, frequently accompanied by dancers. Informal singing is suggested by scenes of workers in action; captions to many of these pictures have been interpreted as words of songs. Otherwise there is little evidence for the amateur musician in pharaonic Egypt, and it is unlikely that musical achievement was seen as a desirable goal for individuals who were not professionals.
The ancient Egyptians did not notate their music before the Graeco-Roman period, so attempts to reconstruct pharaonic music remain speculative. Representational evidence can give a general idea of the sound of Egyptian music. Ritual temple music was largely a matter of the rattling of the sistrum, accompanied by voice, sometimes with harp and/or percussion. Party/festival scenes show ensembles of instruments (lyres, lutes, double and single reed flutes, clappers, drums) and the presence (or absence) of singers in a variety of situations.
 Get an exclusive tour around The Nobles tombs in Luxor and enjoy all the documented scenes of music and musicians

The Rosetta Stone: A History of the Sacred Characters

For over two thousand years, the secrets of the ancient Egyptians were lost to history. All the tombs, trinkets, statues and cenotaphs were pretty but indecipherable, covered as they were in a pictographic script that had no meaning. It wasn’t decades of research, the intricate technologies of archaeology or the explanation of some ancient king risen from the dead that unlocked the lost language of the ancient Egyptians. In fact, it was the accidental discovery of some half buried rock that came to be known as the Rosetta stone, by a French soldier that would change the face of Egyptology and provide a much needed window into the language and belief systems of the most celebrated ancient culture.

 

It was 1799 and Napoleon’s troops were preparing to defend against the encroaching Ottoman Army as they grew closer and closer to the city of Rosetta on Egypt’s West bank just miles from the sea.  As they cleared away rocks to improve their fortifications, a small group of soldier engineers led by 28 year old Lieutenant Bouchard discovered a large polished rock with a dark surface and what seemed to be some engraved text. 

On closer inspection, Bouchard noticed three separate texts on the rock: hieroglyphs at the top, an unknown text in the middle and Greek at the bottom.  It was not just the middle text that didn’t make sense; it was the stone’s location inside an Arab fort far from the ancient tombs in Luxor’s Valley of the Kings. Speculation as to possible ancient structures below the fort were quickly dismissed and the stone sent to Cairo for further research by Napoleon’s famed Commission of Arts and Sciences. 

The stone was almost a meter high with missing pieces at the top and bottom right. After a thorough cleaning the group of French scholars was able to read the Greek inscription. It was nothing sensational, just an inscription of an anniversary. That was until they read the last sentence.  “This decree shall be inscribed on stelae of hard rock, in sacred characters, both native and Greek, and they shall be erected in each of the temples of the first, second and third category, next to the image of the king living eternally.”

  

The realization that what was written in Greek was also written in hieroglyphics was a revelation. Finally, here was the chance to understand what the ancients had been whispering for all these centuries.  A group of notable scholars and archeologists gathered in Cairo to work on the stone, including trying to figure out what the middle language on the Rosetta stone actually was.  

 Copyists went to work, reproducing the text on the stone and disseminating it to colleagues around the world. Although other texts had been discovered, the connecting language, the middle language on the stone, remained a mystery. It wasn’t Aramaic and it wasn’t Coptic. And in 1801, the British stole the stone making its middle text even more elusive for its French discoverers.   
Through the dedicated efforts of Jean Francois Champollion, a French scholar who was only nine years old when the stone was first discovered by Bouchard, the text and dictionary of ancient Egyptian

languages was first published. His work showed that the ancient text didn’t contain vowels and used pictures to represent both sounds and statements.

To this day, the Rosetta stone sits in the British Museum, a highlight of the Egyptian collection and a testament to perseverance and scholarship.  The ability to read hieroglyphics helped archaeologists and Egyptologists to understand the succession of dynasties, the religion and cults of the dead, the ancient gods and their followers and of course, the secret world of one history’s most fascinating cultures - Ancient Egypt.

Mummy Powder and the Household Use of the Egyptian Dead

 

Beginning in the 12th century, European physicians began to prescribe their patients a most unorthodox remedy: the ground remains of mummies procured from Egyptian tombs.
, the practice was widely accepted and so-called mummy powder was in sold in a variety of strengths. Powder procured from the crudely preserved bodies peasant folk buried in sand pits was said to be only good for relieving minor stomach aches, while the meticulously embalmed and bitumen-rich bodies of the Egyptian aristocracy were a highly valued commodity and supposedly capable of healing life-threatening wounds.
Mummy powder proved so profitable that soon after its introduction, Egyptian tombs were ransacked not only for the riches they might contain, but also for bodies that might be processed into the expensive folk medicine. It wasn’t long before the practice of applying mummy powder was incorporated into medieval Europe’s catalog of dubious medical practices. By the 16th century, the product had become so commonplace in both Europe and the Middle East that the once seemingly endless supply of authentic, mummified Egyptian cadavers quite literally dried up.

In order to keep their niche market going, some mummy powder salesmen began to stealthily acquire the bodies of executed criminals and the unburied poor, which they would then hastily dry out and grind into “authentic” doses of the anthropophagic cure-all.
Mummy powder, however, was not the only everyday use of the Egyptian dead that arose before the dawn of modern archaeological preservation. In the 16th and 17th centuries, pulverized mummy was the key ingredient in a popular shade of brown artist’s pigment, and preserved human and animal remains of Egyptian origin were used in the production of this “mummy brown” paint until the early 20th century.
As the first railroads were constructed in North Africa during the 19th century, mummies with a high content of petroleum-based bitumen were also supposedly sometimes substituted for coal in engines of the then-new locomotives. Mark Twain claimed to witnessed the practice firsthand in his 1869 travelogue, The Innocents Abroad, writing, “[The] fuel they use…is composed of mummies three thousand years old, purchased by the ton or by the graveyard for that purpose.”
Whether this statement was merely jest on the part of the American literary icon, well known for his sense of humor, has been the subject of debate ever since it was published. What is known, however, is that the supply of authentic Egyptian corpses by the beginning of the 1800s was so small only that upper crust Europeans could afford to purchase one whole. In the wake of Napoleon’s conquest of Egypt, it became vogue amongst the aristocracy to hold “unwrapping parties,” where carefully preserved corpses would be haphazardly stripped of their bandages, so that revelers could gaze upon the millennia-old face concealed beneath them. Small burial ornaments concealed in the linens would then be dispensed to partygoers as souvenirs, while exposure to air caused the delicate bodies to crumble into dust, never to be seen again.

 

The Egyptian God Horus Horus 'He who is above.' Guardian of the pharaohs, protector of the god king planets.

The sky god Horus protecting the red (?) disk of Mars (NOT THE SUN!) which at this particular time was named Ramesses ('Fashioned by Re'), personified here as the young king. Photo credit: Jon Bosworth
The Falcon-god Horus can be traced back to the dynastic period around 3100 BC and is one of the most famous gods of ancient Egypt. Usually depicted as a hawk or as a man with the head of a hawk, Horus was not only a god of the sky but the embodiment of divine kingship and protector of the reigning pharaoh. Gradually the cult of other hawk gods merged with that of Horus, and a complex array of myths became associated with him.


Horus and the pharaohs (Horus in general)
  Horus = ruling god king planet. In regards to the god kings - the astral pharaohs when reigning over earth as 'living gods' were simultaneously embodied in the sky god Horus - he was, just as the literal sources reveal, the guardian of kingship.

By using sacred imagery along with the Egyptians own divine words (taken at face value) it will be shown how Horus was essentially an omnipresent sky deity whose physical form was above all manifest in the god king planets. Furthermore, the subsequent many coexisting forms of Horus derived from the very same red-orbed Pharaonic planets (as Horus) undertaking prominent and distinctive traits (e.g. the winged disk) and dwelling in certain locations (e.g. 'in' or 'on' the horizon) for lengthy periods of time - enough time to warrant the invention of a new form of universal god Horus. In other words, without the kingly planets (& cosmic chaos) there would be no Horus, and no variant forms. 

It will be further shown how Horus (and his many forms) was not the Sun or even some kind of vague mythical aspect of Re as many believe but a totally independent entity, and should be treated as such. This would include the apparent composite god Re-Horakhty (which really is the crux of the matter) and Horus Behdety (winged disk), again, not the Sun! They held physical presence in the same celestial sphere and certain text refer to Horus as the son of Re, but they were independent deities, moreover, worshiped as such. Only when the planets began to settle into their current orbits did the many forms of Horus slowly merge into one, leaving behind a legacy of enigmatic myths.   
Horus, Lord of the Skies

Establishing the origins of Horus and how the Egyptian kings became Horus incarnate.

The process of a planetary body becoming Pharaoh and the 'Living Horus' born to the skies of earth, as you would expect, involved a myriad of cosmogonical deities (Re, Isis, Hathor, Amun, etc.). By using the Ramesses the Great ('Fashioned by Re.' Clayton COP) as just one of the many guises of an incandescent red Mars, a rough sequence of events would go something like this.

Ramesses/Mars begins life as a very large star. In this form Ramesses/Mars is to be equated with Osiris, the quintessential god of the afterlife and the duel world above, which the Egyptians called Upper Egypt (the hemispherical dome of heaven perceived as a fixed land mass). Osiris is to be seen as a deity attributed to no one particular body but all that appeared in 'star form.' A god that basically transported the dead to be reborn as a star (akh) in the firmament above, just as the Egyptians tell us.

Ramesses/Mars moves closer to earth and in doing so magnifies in size, slowly shedding its white Osirian linen bandages (star-like quality) to reveal a hazy red disk, in the image of Re, the Red Sun (hence, the kings were 'Offspring of Re'). Born amidst the general location of the ecliptic (apparent path of the Sun and planets) Ramesses/Mars at this stage is perceived to be a 'young Horus.' In giving birth too countless bodies, as well as playing a preliminary role in escorting them to the vibrant land above, this portion of the sky was deified as the mothering goddess Isis, which we will discuss shortly. 

Ramesses/Mars further magnifies in size, so much so it looms larger than the Sun (Re), and all other bodies. In a size determining factor here (from an earthly perspective), such an exalted status deems Ramesses/Mars god king of Egypt - the unifier of the 'two lands' of Upper (heaven) and Lower Egypt - an intermediatary between the moral and the divine. Moreover, Ramesses/Mars now becomes the 'Living Horus,' and 'Lord of the Sky.'

Note; as the record shows, it was the gods (through 'divine order') that dictated kingship throughout the ancient world. An understandable situation given the God King Scenario. 

Under the authority and guardianship of a range of cosmogonical deities (Horus, Re, Amun, etc.) Ramesses/Mars reigns over earth for a period of time, this paralleling the historical account (e.g. Ramesses II, 68 years). His very colourful life (battle campaigns, marriages, fathering over 150 children, etc.) is recorded via scared inscriptions and images throughout Egypt (sacred writings = events above).

Ramesses/Mars appears to move away from earth (temporary death) and in doing so is slowly transformed into a star (Osiris) once again.

"The king has come to his throne which is upon the Two Ladies and the king appears as a star." (Pyramid Text Utterance 248)  

This process would involve a red orbed 'spinning' Mars slowly becoming cocooned/wrapped in white 'star-like' material or, as the Egyptians believed, white linen bandages as Ramesses/Mars is mummified in preparation for rebirth in the Egypt above. Assisting in the mummification process was the blackness of space, which was deified as the 'black' jackal-headed god Anubis. The attributes of Anubis drawn from the natural world as jackals were observed loitering around cemeteries, thus perceived to be guardians of the dead (note; no such species as black jackals).

As a star, Mars has transformed from a living Horus (son of Isis and Osiris) into the god Osiris (star-form) and is subsequently named Ramesses-Osiris. He now begins the very perilous journey (chaos) to the duel world above, to be reborn in whatever form he so chooses. As the record shows, this process was repeated over and over again.

As Mars appears to move back and forth between the two lands of heaven and earth, it is named and renamed numerous time over, as too were the other perpetrators of chaos. The sacred names, titles and epithets given to the astral monarchy primarily dictated by their location, attributes and appearance in respect to Egypt's more prominent gods e.g. the Sun god Re gives us kingly titles such as 'Appearing like Re,' 'Rising like Re' and 'Shinning like Re,' and the deified global aurora (Amun) gives us 'Beloved of Amun,' and similar titles (see Names and Titles).    

The above gives us a brief process of how planetary kings became embodied in the 'living Horus.'

The following inscriptions leave us in no doubt of the kings astral status as the god Horus.

"Usermare-Setepnere (Ramesses II)  given life, in - - - giving to thee myriads of years,
eternity upon the Horus-throne of the living." (Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol III p 115)
"His majesty (Tuthmosis) is Horus, assuming his (i.e. Horus’) kingdom of myriads of years."
(ibid, Part Two, p 73)
"Year 1, Akhet (month) 4, day 19, under the majesty of Horus…"
"Lord of the words of the gods, who appeared on the Horus throne of the living daily like his father Re."
"All their life and health was (from) the nose of the mighty king, the Horus, who repeats births, the beloved son of Amen-Re, king of the gods, who had begotten him so that he would be created, of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt."
(Tutankhamen's Restoration Stela)
"Grant that he rest upon thy throne as Horus, the Mighty Bull, beloved of Ma’at."
(Papyrus Harris, Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Part Four, p 351)

It is well known and well attested to that Horus was a sky god, this raises the question, how can an earth bound king be the 'Lord of the Skies?' The God King Scenario promotes the idea that we take the Egyptians at their word, this will prove to be far more productive than invoking a surreal world we don't understand.

The phrase "... the Horus, who repeats births...." is explained thus. Mars appeared to move back and forth in an endless cycle of death and rebirth (morphing between a red orb and a star). Each time it was born to earth it became Horus incarnate, more specifically "Horus, who repeats births."  A very common phrase....

(Ramesses II) "....shining upon the Horus-throne of the living, like his father, Re, every day..." (Ibid Vol III p 118)

Raises the obvious question, how can humans shine 'like the Sun?'

Taken at face value, the text also make it very clear that two totally separate deities are being referred to here, insofar as, Ramesses shines on the Horus throne 'like' (thus separate too) the Sun.

With the above in mind, the iconography becomes virtually self-explanatory. For example, the photo at the top of the page depicts the 'good and just' god Horus protecting the disk of a young Ramesses/Mars. Similar iconography can be found in the image on the left where the pharaoh Khafre's head and neck are physically embraced by the wings of the protective sky god Horus. According to almost every single book on ancient Egypt, art such as this is believed to be 'idealized' - the Egyptians were somehow tying to conceptualise an ideal world, or so the theory goes. Are they correct? Absolutely not! All Egyptian art derives from catastrophic events in the heavens. 'Idealised' is a term used by scholars who fall well short when it comes to understanding ancient minds.





The Horus-Name

The oldest known part of the royal titulary is the Horus-name. The kings were given the Horus-name upon enthronement, or upon 'outsizing' thus 'outranking' all other bodies. On the right we have a very fine example of a Horus name written within a Serekh What follows is a few Horus names given to the kings which are clearly celestial in connotation (after all Horus was a sky god!) 
Hor-Aha "The Fighting Hawk."
Den "Horus Who Strikes."
Djet "Horus Cobra" (one shown).
Djoser "Divine of the Body." 
Tutankhamun "Strong Bull, Fitting From Created Forms."
(above source: Clayton)
Tuthmosis (Moon) "Horus Mighty Bull, Arising in Thebes."
Neferefre "Horus, Beautiful Of Apparitions."


The Horus-name given to celestial 'doubles.'

Quote:
"The Horus name of a king is that which was given to his Ka, or 'double,' and it is written inside a representation of an object called the 'Serekh'...." (Budge, Book of Kings, Vol 1 p XIII)

"It was, perhaps, not so much the man who was identified with Horus himself, but rather the ka of the pharaoh, which, created as the body's twin, was an expression of the life force, rather than just an aspect of his person."

The Ka has been traditionally translated as some kind of invisible life force or 'soul,' this is totally incorrect. In a world dominated by cosmic chaos and observations of kingly planets appearing to move back and forth between Upper and Lower Egypt (living, dying & rebirth), the Egyptians developed the natural belief that astral bodies such as planets, comets and asteroids were the Kas or 'doubles' of themselves. Real physical astral personified 'doubles' that the earthly Egyptians believed they would join with (via the ba bird) after death, to journey too, and ultimately be reborn in the duel Egyptian world above .

The naming of the kings Ka with the Horus name offers valuable support for my afterlife interpretation. Inasmuch as, we are able to take the whole Egyptian theology at face value - the Egyptians really were naming the kings Ka, only this was a real life planetary body and not some obscure invisible life force.      

"He shall be at the head of all the Kas ('doubles') of the living." (Thutmose III: The Napata Stela)
My interpretation: Tuthmosis/Moon with numerous trailing satellites.

Golden Horus Name

In later times (important) the Egyptians added the golden Horus-name to the royal titulary. Scholars are completely baffled by this.

"The golden Horus name represents the falcon god Horus perched on a symbol that usually represents 'gold' (image right). However, its meaning is hotly disputed.

We may ask the question, if Horus was some kind of obscure aspect of the Sun, then why have a Horus name and then add an additional golden Horus name? For what reason? If the Sun, why wasn't the golden Horus-name used solely from the beginning of dynasty Egypt?  

The GKS suffers from no such reservations, and by applying the simple formula, Horus = resident god king planet (or planets), things become self evident. The golden Horus-name was added to the list of kings titles because in later times the astral monarchy many times adorned a golden hue. This would be especially so in the New Kingdom (circa 1,000 BC revised chronology) when errant planets not only orbited around earth (geosynchronous orbit) but also began to migrate towards the Sun. What this means is they now appeared sunside (between the earth and Re) - major events now begin to dominate the daytime sky, the upshot of which was planets appearing golden.

The inscriptions fully corroborate this: 
Tuthmosis III ("Born of Thoth" = Moon)

"Horus of Gold Powerful of strength, Sacred of appearance.

"He (Amun [aurora]) modelled me as a falcon of gold".

Tuthmosis (Moon) co-regent Hatshepsut (Venus) calls herself "The Female Horus of Fine Gold." (ibid)

This would be especially so of the Moon (Tuthmosis, one of many names), as even today the Moon can appear golden during the day (go out and look!).

Above right, the Hawk of the Pharaoh, Hatshepsut/Venus (Temple, Luxor)
Notice (in this case) the overall golden (possible reddish?) hue given to Horus and the disk of Venus/Hatshepsut (NOT THE SUN!). Also the addition of the cobra is highly significant and represents the lashing out of gigantic volcanic eruptions emanating from a sea of boiling hot lava on the surface of Venus.

The above gives us a basic platform for understanding the sky god Horus. We will now discuss some of his more prominent forms. 

Harpocrates 'Horus, the child.'

The Goddess Isis = Ecliptic

Although an invisible path traced out by the Sun to us, in ancient times the ecliptic was clearly seen. It was made visible as a result of incalculable amounts of dust and debris littering the plane of the elliptic. The sweep of the ecliptic was easily discerned as it arched across the heavens as a hazy band (mound) spanning up and out towards the relatively unwavering planets Jupiter (Ptah), Saturn (Sokar) and beyond. This was the very same dust and gases which hazed our Sun red. As mentioned above, the ecliptic 'zone' was deified as the Goddess Isis.

The ecliptic/Isis was a hive of activity as it not only gave birth to and housed the divine monarchy (and numerous other bodies) but also played a crucial role in their journey to the duel Egypt above (Isis is credited with inventing mummification). Isis was a bovine nurturing sky goddess whose countless titles and epithets are completely consistent with this unique identification.

"Praise to you, Isis, the Great One, God’s mother, Lady of Heaven, Mistress and Queen of the gods." "Isis, giver of life, residing in the sacred mound." (Isis temple, Philae) 

'Lady of Heaven,' 'From whom all beginnings arose,' 'Opener of the year,' 'Lady of the new year,' 'Maker of sunrise.' As a goddess of the sky (ecliptic) she was all of these and more.

In giving birth to the astral monarchy, Isis was the mother to the king and the throne of Egypt. This is echoed in the literal translation of her name (Isis name above) which means 'She of the throne.' It is noteworthy that the Isis name also contains an egg - this was undoubtedly symbolic of the ecliptic/sky/Isis giving birth.

Above all this, was the fact that since the kings were Horus incarnate, the primary role of Isis was that of mother to Horus. Or to put it another way, it was the ecliptic/Isis that fashioned the physical manifestation of the sky god Horus by means of the planetary kings. 

The photo on the right depicts a bronze statue of Isis suckling Horus (king). With the above in mind, the iconography hear is clear. It represents the sky (Isis/ecliptic) nursing the infant Horus-king, born to the skies of earth. Herein lies the origin of an aspect of Horus known as Harpocrates, 'Horus, the Child.'

"Horus the Child, son of Isis, son of Osiris, lord of the Abaton and of Philae."
(Inscription at Dendur) Isis is shown in the act of suckling Horus as a direct result of observations of pharaonic bodies actually sucking 'white' streams of material (milk) from a dust strewn solar system (analogy, Saturn's moon Prometheus sucking material from its F ring,). Hence Isis was also known as the 'Great white sow of Heliopolis,' and the 'Isis Cow.' Also note the cow horns, these represent the 'housing' of the red disks of the planets (and the red Sun).

This theme echoes throughout the ages; below is a famous medieval icon of Mary and Jesus (left) and Madonna and child (right). 



There is no doubt such symbolism finds its origins in Egyptian theology, and by extension cosmic chaos. I would take this a step further and suggest all the world major religions have their origins in recent upheaval in the solar system. Moreover, the key to understanding this lies with the god kings of the ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamian cultures. I would further argue, to understand ancient Egypt is to understand cosmic chaos.
(For more information on Isis may I refer you to my book Comet Venus).
Harsiese 'Horus Son of Isis'

For conceptual purposes, not as an historical matter, the two primary aspects of Horus from which the majority can be derived (including the above Harpocrates) are Harsiese and Haroeris. We will discuss Harsiese or 'Horus son of Isis' first.

There exists many references to this aspect of Horus, although it has to be noted my research reveals Harsiese primary role seems to be more in connection with the Hereafter. This is supported by numerous funerary references and the imagery where Harsiese features predominantly (in respect to other forms of Horus) on many tomb walls and papyri. Given that Harsiese was also the son of the quintessential god of the afterlife Osiris (star form), this is no surprise. This would be in contrast to the more familiar Haroeris (next), who in his many aspects dominates the 'outside world' - he is carved on temple walls, in statues, carved on obelisks and features strongly in Egyptian art in general. I will explain why this was shortly.


Harsiese was commonly represented as an anthropomorphic falcon-headed man wearing the crown of Upper and Lower Egypt (image above). Sometimes it is difficult to tell which Horus is being represented as many can look identical. We have to consult the text (where possible) to be sure of correct identification. The above afterlife scene depicts 'Horus, son of Isis' (Harsiese) leading queen Nefertari (a guise of comet Venus, as per the headgear) on her first stage to a life of immortality in the next world above.

I would like to make clear that although it was the astral kings (via location 'zones' and attributes) who gave rise to the many forms of Horus, whenever a Horus form is depicted or cited, this doesn't signify a kingly planet. On the contrary, as above Horus was an omnipresent sky god of many forms who presided over many locations and could be invoked at any time.

It really depended on the dynamic events of above and how the Egyptians perceived them. A simplistic interpretation of the above scene would be as follows; Venus/Nefertari was observed to slowly migrate across the sky and away and from earth (towards the west?), and given that everything came under the will of the gods, it was believed that in this case, Horus son of Isis presided over such movements.   

With this in mind, I would tentatively suggest that Harsiese also be associated with the main east-west band (ecliptic) of the sky along with his mother Isis, but not I might add, the horizons. Other forms of Horus were invented as guardians of the horizons (on which see below).

Harsiese dividing the firmament.

“I have taken possession of the sky, I have divided the firmament, I will show the paths of Khepri [Electrical manifestation], and the dwellers in the netherworld will follow me.” (CT text 326)

Harsiese perhaps should be seen as a more mature version of Harpocrates. As the son of Isis (ecliptic) and Osiris (star form) this would make good sense. May I remind the reader; without the pharaonic planets, there would be no Horus or his innumerable forms. A good example of this would be Hatshepsut/Venus who called herself the female falcon.

(On Osiris)"And his son Horus arose as king of Upper Egypt, arose as king of Lower Egypt, in the embrace of his father Osiris and of the gods in front of him and behind him." (From the Shabaka Stone)

A passage from the Coffin Texts (passage 148) sums up Horus in his own words:

"I am Horus, the great Falcon upon the ramparts of the house of him of the hidden name. My flight has reached the horizon. I have passed by the gods of Nut. I have gone further than the gods of old. Even the most ancient bird could not equal my very first flight. I have removed my place beyond the powers of Set, the foe of my father Osiris. No other god could do what I have done. I have brought the ways of eternity to the twilight of the morning. I am unique in my flight. My wrath will be turned against the enemy of my father Osiris and I will put him beneath my feet in my name of 'Red Cloak'."


This aspect of Horus features prominently in the Osirian mythos; Harsiese as ‘Horus-saviour-of-his-father’ is awarded the cosmic sovereignty after a lengthy conflict with his uncle Seth (god of evil). This conflict, in which Horus receives constant assistance from his mother Isis, is fought on many levels - magical, juridical, cosmic, medical - and is the principal symbol of conflict as such in Egyptian religious thought. When Egypt’s pharaoh strives against enemies foreign or domestic, it is as Horus against Seth.

Such myths originate from the 'face of heaven' i.e., the good and just god Horus, fighting to maintain 'divine order' (ma'at) through kingly bodies. This is subject for another time.


Harsiese (Horus son of Isis) and Anubis (god of blackness of space) escorting the king (centre) towards the very real Egypt above. 

Hathor (hat-hor = House of Horus)

The very same dust and debris that littered the solar system also congregated around earth's celestial equator (a natural sequence of events) to form a dynamic gigantic hazy ring system (a good analogy would be Saturn's Rings only not so defined). As I have proposed, the Egyptians deified this 'secondary' more prominent east-west hazy band of debris as the bovine goddess Hathor

Isis (ecliptic) and Hathor (earths rings) shared similar traits and were at times interchangeable because their paths would cross throughout the day and year (the ecliptic moving in relation to the more fixed equatorial Hathor). This due to earths daily spin and its annual trip around the Sun.

Looking up, on countless occasions 'Hathor's haze' took precedent over the ecliptic (Isis) which was physically behind earth's rings. What this means is, the Horus kings were also repeatedly seen to be born in, reigned and perceived to die amidst Hathor. Hence the name Hathor which literally means 'House of Horus.'

Haroeris (Horus the Elder or Horus the Great) consort of Hathor

The other prominent form of Horus from which many other forms derived was Har-wer, 'Horus the Elder' or 'Horus the Great' (Greek form Haroeris). This was the form of Horus worshiped from the earliest periods, especially at the city of Nekhen, which the Greeks called Hierakonpolis, 'the city of the hawk.'

As mentioned above this form of Horus is ubiquitous throughout dynasty Egypt. He is carved on numerous temple walls and monuments and was associated with kingship from proto-dynastic times. This is the Horus that stands on top of the rectangular enclosure (serekh) containing the holy Horus name of the kings as in the image above. The very same Horus stands on the back of the famous statue of Khafre (also above) with his wings outstretched to protect the king. Excluding Egypt's tombs and funerary text you wouldn't be far out by adopting the notion that most depictions of Horus represent Har-wer, Horus the Great and his many derivative forms (Behdety, Horakhty, Re-Harakhty, etc. see below).

Haroeris, consort of Hathor

I have placed Horus son of Isis (and Osiris) as the masculine (Isis, female) guardian and 'face' of the ecliptic. In a similar vein but different 'zone,' I would suggest Horus the Great be equated with earth's deified hazy band, Hathor; why? A number of reasons. Firstly, this Horus was the husband (sometimes son) of Hathor, so we have an obvious close and personal connection here. Secondly, the iconography supports the first reason as Har-wer is depicted numerous times as the consort of Hathor (example below). Thirdly, as discussed the name Hat-hor means house of Horus, so the question arises as to which Horus is being referred too here - which Horus is being housed? Given the textual references and imagery it is logical to assume this has to be Horus the elder - a Horus god around since the birth of pharaonic Egypt - a deity that appeared even before the Sun god Re! And finally, Harwer was the Horus form closely associated with kingship. What this means is to become the living Horus planetary bodies had to appear as 'living,' 'breathing' red disks (in the image of Re) in close proximity to earth, thus more often than not they appeared amidst Hathor's dust... the upshot... Horus the elder (older, or even ancestor). The epithet 'Great' or 'Elder' because even through times of tumult where Re was completely obscured, Horus the Great being close to earth would literally shine through via Egypt's godly pharaohs. 

This isn't as clear cut as I'm making out but this is to be expected given the ever changing heavens and the fact that Isis (ecliptic) and Hathor (earths ring) crossed paths on a daily and annual basis. That said, I do believe my identifications gives us a fundamental basis from which to work from.


Above right: Ptolemy VI (Mars?) making an offering before the gods Horus (Har-wer) and his wife Hathor (earth's rings housing the red disk). Note the kings distinctly unusual headgear on which scholars offer no explanation. I will follow up on this in the near future.

There are so many permutations here; one such scenario would be a planetary body born amidst the distant ecliptic as 'Horus the Child' only to move to the forefront and amidst Hathor to become Haroeris, 'Horus the Great.' 

"When he reaches maturity Horus becomes Har-wer or 'Haroeris' - the elder Horus now capable of seizing power." (Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, Hart 91)  

Independent Horus deities (an example of why confusion reigns). 

Horus the Elder was worshiped as an independent deity to Horus Son of Isis, that is until later times when the various form of Horus became blended into one.

We can see just how difficult it is to tell them apart by comparing Horus the Elder in the image directly above with Harsiese in the Nefertari image above - there is little if anything to tell them apart and yet they were independent deities, as too were other Horus forms. The Coffin Text confirm their independence.
"Although Egyptian texts usually make little effort to distinguish Haroeris from Harsiese, the Coffin Texts do feature, among the genre of spells for transforming into, or invoking, particular deities, separate spells for “Becoming the Elder Horus” (CT spell 280) and for “Becoming Horus” (i.e., the son of Isis) (CT spell 326)."


The imagery further supports this independence.



From the right: Horus the Great seemingly watching over Horus and Isis (as a cat) who offers the symbol of life (ankh) to a Ptolemy king.

A point to be made here is the Egyptians when carving such meticulous reliefs knew exactly what they were portraying. They were fully aware of the various forms of Horus and the locations they represented - there can be no doubt they were able to distinguish between the two Horus' otherwise they wouldn't have carved them. Along with the cardinal points and a thick dusty horizon, cosmic dust created many 'zonal bands' in the heavens. These were home to Egypt's numerous cosmological gods who nurtured and looked after the astral kings - Horus, and his many forms being just one of them.
God of Light

It is epithets such as this that had led scholars to erroneously believe the Egyptians must be somehow referring to the Sun, this is incorrect. Pharaonic times saw the surfaces of Mars, Venus, Mercury and the Moon molten hot - incandescent orbs generating their own light (see Cobra). The same Horus bodies also reflected light from Re - on numerous occasions Horus would shine bright during the night, and in this ancient twilight world (red Sun) also during the day. A simple analogy; the Sun today grants visibility to our Moon by shinning on it. Our Moon, it could be said, is the last remaining Horus of ancient times.

CT spell 280, addresses the deceased as “the elder Horus who took sail at nightfall … he who mourns in the mansion of Osiris … your eye is Re” [reflected light from the Sun]. This represents a luminous planetary body, a 'god of light' taking sail at nightfall, a common occurrence.  

"Horus: Mighty Bull, Shining in Thebes" was a common 'Horus' epithet bestowed upon numerous Pharaohs - a very apt title. 

Image right: Another aspect of the spirit and personification of the 'height' of heaven - Horus manifest as the lunar god Thoth. An image that appeared in later times as the Moon fell under earths gravitational spell. 

'Horus who rules with two eyes,' the eyes of heaven?

Quote: "According to later traditions, the right eye represented the Sun and so is called the 'Eye of Ra' while the left represented the Moon and was known as the 'eye of Horus' (although it was also associated with Thoth). However, in many cases it is not clear whether it is the left or right eye which is referred to. Others myths suggest that it is Horus´ right eye which was torn out and that the myth refers to a solar eclipse in which the sun is momentarily blotted from the sky"  Horus was sometimes given the title Kemwer, meaning (the) great black (one).

Regarding the 'eyes,' the above sounds quite plausible, especially when taking into account they are referring to "later times." A time when perhaps cosmic chaos had settled somewhat leaving behind the Sun and the Moon (Thoth) as the primary eyes of heaven. 'The great black one' could be a simple reference to the night sky. Unfortunately it isn't as simple as that. For a start, if nothing has changed since time immemorial then why wasn't the Sun and Moon the 'eyes' of heaven from the beginning of pharaonic Egypt? Actually, a little research reveals the whole thing is shrouded in confusion, contradictions and erroneous assumptions, for example.

"Horus the Elder was said to have a green, with which the Egyptians meant red (cf. Red or Green Crown of Lower Egypt), eye which represented the Sun, and a lesser white eye, the Moon.
"The blue-eyed Horus comes to you; the red-eyed Horus, violent of power, waits for you." (BOD 117)

"His right eye was white and represented the sun; his left eye was black and represented the Moon" King Unas is said to have taken these to illumine his face (Gods of the Egyptians, Budge).We also have the titles, 'Horus of the two blue eyes' and 'Horus of the two red eyes' (Ibid). 

Confused? While it may be possible to understand the references to the left eye being white or even black and representing the Moon, where on earth did a 'white Sun' come from? What of the blue and red eyes? If signifying the Sun and Moon shouldn't any reference simply refer to a white and golden eye, as per exactly what is seen? Only in a world where errant bodies adorned a variety of colours can we even begin to understand such enigmas.

To compound matters further when in hieroglyphic form or pictorially represented, the 'eyes' are presented thus. 


Who amongst us would have thoughts that the Sun and Moon were being referred too here? Colouring the eyes white and golden may prompt such thoughts, but the art reveals that this clearly isn't the case. Given the many colours (and locations) of the Horus bodies, I would suggest that the Egyptians are merely representing the 'eye(s)' of the sky in a very simplistic and universal form, in order to be understood by all. 

The Eye of Horus

Too much to go into detail here, suffice to say, in connection with the above, the 'eye' or 'eyes' of Horus (and Re) are all to do with large bodies prominently reflecting or generating their own light and thus becoming 'whole' or 'complete.' This 'battle' was certainly played out in the light and dark phases of the Moon in later times . Note the Egyptians didn't worship the Moon in earlier times, this is understandable since the Moon was only captured during Pharaonic times, its rise to prominence parallels its slow capture. I will address the Eye of Horus at a later date.
 
Horus and the horizons

As you would expect with Horus bodies rising and setting like Re, of great importance was the horizons. These came under the authority of at least three aspects of the same Horus 'horizon' deity, Harmachis, 'Horus in the horizon' - Horakhty, 'Horus of the horizons,' and Re-Horakhty, 'Re-Horus of the horizons.' All these belong to the Horus 'ruling the earth' side of the god kings i.e. Haroeris, or the 'Horus the elder' aspect. We will discuss all three plus a bit more.      

Harmachis (Horemakhet, Harmakhet) 'Horus in the horizon'

Given the current belief that Horus was some kind of weird aspect of the Sun, many have pondered over this title, for how can it be said that the Sun was 'in' the horizon? 'On' the horizon we may understand but 'in' just doesn't make sense. We may also ask the very simple question as to why the Egyptians felt the need to invent so many independent deities just to explain the simple rising and setting of the Sun.

A very straightforward explanation is as follows. Cosmic catastrophe gave way to countless tons of dust and gasses, and in addition to hazing the sun red (exactly as depicted) it also fell to earth to mix with an already dust filled atmosphere. This brought about by countless active fire breathing volcanoes (triggered by close proximity bodies) which also spewed out tons of dust and ash (god of volcanoes, Bess). This created a thick hazed band of dust around earth's horizon. It encircled the flat pancake of earth in the north, south, east and west. Its thickness was determined by the intensity of chaos and to a certain extent it many times gave the illusion of actually intermingling with the fabric of earth.

On numerous occasions the god king planets as Horus were seen to reside in this 'red' curtain of haze as they spun with earth (thus appearing stationary). In other words, we have a literal translation of the Horus god Harmachis, or 'Horus in the horizon.'    

"The redness of dawn is also connected to Horus, the archetype of kingship. PT 404, for instance, includes a reference to the ‘Horus of (dawn)-redness,’ and the king himself is said to be “the redness that came forth from Nut” in PT 1460a (Goebs,168). Horus is explicitly connected to red cloth in texts related to the ritual of the meret-chests at Edfu. The god is said to “…unite with the seshed-linen to overthrow your foe. You hold the red linen in its moment”


Horakhty - 'Horus (manifest through Mars) IN the Horizon' i.e., Mars appearing stationary 'in' the horizon. Note the yellowish coronal ring encircling the disk above Horus' head (insert). I've done my best to recreate this around the orb in the picture. It undoubtedly represents the thick dense gaseous atmosphere of Mars as it is slowly and systematically torn apart from an earth-like planet to its now frozen, barren desolate state.  

Horakhty (Harakhty, Harakhti) 'Horus of the horizons.'
(Its possible the word Horizon, Hori-zon (Hori, Hore, Heru?) derived from the name Horus) 

The celestial kings as Horus incarnate presiding over the horizons i.e., red orbs rising and setting like the red Sun.

"The form Harakhti or "Horus of the horizon" refers to the god rising in the east at dawn to bathe in the "field of rushes." The Pyramid Texts mention this aspect of the god linked to the sovereign: the king is said to be born on the eastern sky as Harakhti. Also since the element -akhti can be a dual form of the noun akhet (horizon), there is a play on words when the king is given power over the "two horizons" (i.e. east and west) as Harakhti." (my bold emphasis).

"Horakhty, only god, king of the gods; he rises in the west, he sendeth his beauty --."
(Breasted vol III p II, my bold emphasis).  

The inscriptions do not leave any room for misunderstanding here, it clearly states, the god Horakhty rose in the west! Given that most people accept the notion that Harakhty is some kind of aspect of the Sun, this has led many catastrophists to promote the idea that the earth somehow physically toppled over on its axis leading to the Sun rising in the west. This is incorrect; the god kings as Horus probably rose in the west on a number of occasions, and since the earth didn't flip over they were able to write about it.



Above: Horakhty offering the symbol of life to the king (spot the difference with the above Horus').

The following inscription reveals Ramesses/Mars appeared somewhere close to the horizon above Nubia in the south (as above, so below).

Ramesses II; "He made (it) as his monument for his father, Harakhty great god, lord of Nubia."
(Breasted vol III p 213)

Sometimes an incandescent red orb, sometimes enshrouded in dust and debris and electrical manifestations giving the illusion that Ramesses/Mars resided in a mansion or 'great house' above (per'ah = pharaoh = great house). The following text reveal that Ramesses/Mars as the incarnation of Horakhty (or at the very least under the authority of) set up camp in the southern skies, 'God's Land' (Punt), the domain of Re.

"He made (it) as his monument for his father, Horakhty; making for him the "House-of-Usermare-Meriamon (Ramesses)-in-the-House-of-Re." (ibid p 215)

It is clear two separate deities are being spoken about here, for if Re and Horakhty were one and the same, it would simply read...

"He made it as his monument for his father, Re making for him the "House-of-Ramesses-in-Re's-House" (the ancient Egyptians may have been naive but they were not stupid!). The glorious temples at Abu Simbel in the far south were built as a direct result of Ramesses/Mars and his divine queen Nefertari/Venus migrating sunside (daytime) to appear in the southern skies - clearly seen during the day courtesy of a red Sun.

Horemheb (Moon)
"His majesty sailed down-stream as the image of Harakhte.
"This is the work/theory of Gary Gilligan, which can be found here  http://gks.uk.com/
 His books for purchase here http://www.gks.uk.com/Cosmic_Chaos_Books/

Tutankhamun's Pectoral represents Mars

One of the birth names given to Mars was Tutankhamun. The pectoral below spells Tutankhamun's throne name Neb-Khepru-Re. This translates as 'The Lordly Manifestation of the Sun.'

With the GKS we've no need to twist or contort or demote such a title as belonging to a weird world we don't understand, we simple take it at face value!

The sun in ancient times appeared as a red orb and Mars numerous times also appeared as a red orb, so what we have here is Mars/Tutankhamun literally ‘the image or manifestation of the sun.' It is the very reason why the divine astral monarchy also adorned the ubiquitous title sa re which translates as 'son of the sun.' All planetary bodies as they moved back and forth to earth in the guise of godly kings and queens were naturally deemed as offspring of Re, one of the original creator gods.

Tutankhamun Egyptian Pharaoh as the Planet Mars

The illustrations below show the effect of the solar wind (charged particles) on earth's magnetosphere and although these electrical currents are invisible if we were to throw in a little dust and debris these electrical ‘loops and tails' would be rendered completely visible. An analogy would be effect of this electricity when entering earth's North and South Pole - the Aurora Borealis or northern and southern lights. These shimmering neon lights appear in different colours and shapes (rays, glows, curtains and pulsating patches) and are the result of charged particles reacting with the earth's atmosphere.

With Tutankhamun's pectoral I am suggesting that this beautifully crafted brooch came about as a direct result of physical observations of Mars in close proximity to earth being bombarded by the solar wind.

In other words there was no ‘art for arts sake,' the Egyptians crafted EXACTLY what they saw! No pseudo surreal world of make believe as most would have us believe; no inventing of a invisible fictitious god to explain the motion of the sun (Re) across the sky (he had a boat of ‘millions of years' for this!), just a very real world dominated by cosmic chaos.
Mars/Tutankhamun bombarded by the solar wind and in doing so manifesting the shape of a gigantic blue coloured winged beetle in its wake. Dust and volatiles granting otherwise invisible electrical phenomena complete visibility in the shape of a winged beetle.
The Egyptians may have been naive but they were not stupid. This is the reason why the sacred scarab Khephri was known as “he who is come into being.” A deity who self-created himself seemingly from nothing; a god who self-created himself numerous times over as the solar wind reacted with planetary bodies when moving back and forth to earth in the guise of god kings and queens.
During the reign of Amenhotep III (Mars) unusually large scarabs were produced en-mass. This is no coincidence and further corroborates the GKS. Amenhotep III was a guise of Mars (as were all pharaohs called Amenhotep) and this is a time just prior to the birth of Mercury from Mars or in Egyptian terms, a time prior to the Amarna period and the exaltation of the Aten.
Let me make this very clear, the so-called Aten or ‘disk of the sun' has nothing at all to do with the sun, this is a ridiculous notion. To suggest the Egyptians up and renamed their pre-eminent sun god Re as the Aten shows a poor understanding of ancient minds - the Aten was originally the core of Mars, or as we now call it the planet Mercury. It was literally sucked out through the Valles Marineris (enormous gash still visible on the surface of mars) sometime in the 7th century BC as a result of repeated encounters with earth. This was the beginning of the end of planetary chaos. After the birth of the Aten and the Amarna period (approx. 17 years) cosmic chaos although continuing for at least another 7/800 years began to settle down allowing the planets to retreat to their present locations.
Now, the reason why large scarab beetles were produced by the cartload prior to the Amarna period is because Mars/Amenhotep came very close to earth and ‘he who has come into being' CAME INTO BEING numerous times over. Further, because Mars was drawn in closer to earth than previous encounters, the self manifested Khephri beetle appeared larger than normal, and as a result, the Egyptians produced larger scarabs.

I would also add Amenhotep III was given title ‘the dazzling sun disk of all lands.' I've yet to here anything close to a plausible explanation for such a title. I mean, how can any human being be described as a 'dazzling sun disk?' This is Mars/Amenhotep again, just prior to giving birth to its sold iron core; Mars/Amenhotep in the process of belching out the Aten and in doing so Mars/Amenhotep quite literally appearing as a ‘dazzling sun disk of all lands.' This definition requires no ‘shrugging of the shoulders,' no demoting the Egyptians as living in a bizarre world we don't understand, just real physical observations leading to apt and concise descriptions of planetary bodies in the guise of divine kings and queens.

Cosmic Catastrophe through the ages

Catastropic events affecting Earth - Ancient Egypt

Recent planetary chaos is staring us in the face via ancient history and what better way to prove this than by using the glorious carved reliefs, paintings and art of the Egyptians. It is presumed the reader has a basic understanding of the GKS although as we’re dealing with images it's not essential.
Wars in the heavens

Description: A section of the North facade of the Hypostyle Hall at Karnak depicting Seti I returning with captives and leading chariot attacks on the Libyans. Photo: Credit Jon Bosworth.

there is no archaeological evidence whatsoever to verify ANY of the hundreds of Pharaonic battles supposedly fought over a 3,000 period. This is because they are all time honoured recordings of wars in the heavens - they have little if anything to do with events here on earth.

Seti ("he of the god Seth") was one of the many god kingly names given to Mercury shortly after its birth from Pharaonic Mars. We have Mercury, personified as the warrior god king Seti. Seth. The god of evil was invoked in the descriptive title Seti as a result of the mayhem Seti/Mercury caused in the skies above (and to a certain extent below).  It was hoped that by venerating 'evil' in this way the Egyptian god Seth embodied in Seti/Mercury would rid the skies of the vile armies of asteroids that perennially threatened to not only blot out the red Sun but also prevented access to Upper Egypt, the duel land above.

Seti/Mercury is depicted returning with bound captives (trailing bodies) as well as fearlessly leading chariot attacks and 'smiting' the 'fair skinned' army of cometary bodies which perennially invaded the western skies - the Egyptian's called them the Libyans after the people that lived in the West (as above, so below).
Although some have been eroded you will note the orbs above Seti/Mercury's head. These were all once painted the traditional deep red (same as the red sun) and are actual physical representations of the body of Seti/Mercury - they are not the Sun. The orbs on the back of the horses and the 'cometary tailed' headdress are symbolic of cometary bodies leading Seti/Mercury into vast armies of opposing astral bodies.
Planetary chaos brought about a sky dominated by auroral manifestations - magical shimmering neon lights observed day and night courtesy of a red Sun. This phenomenon was deified as the god Amun. Epithets such as "one whose true form could never be known" and "the hidden one" along with Amun's trademark plumed headdress which represented the magical shimmering multi coloured curtained shaped lights, completely consistent with my identification. Given a sky filled aurora it is no wonder Amun was known as "the king of the gods." The aurora/Amun as recorded outranked all with its dominance.
On the left Seti/Mercury can be seen offering to the omnipresent aurora/Amun. Many god kings planets are shown in similar pose. It was under Amun's (the aurora) authority kingship was granted.

In the aftermath of the numerous sky battles fought by the god king planets clouds of debris would envelope the planets, this was basically perceived as the spoils of war - booty and such like. And since the planet kings appeared amidst the aurora, this was perceived the sky pharaohs offering to the omnipresent aurora. Look at it this way, Amun was a sky god, this is undisputed by scholars, so unless we invoke a surreal would of make believe how could a human interact with a sky god in this way? At least my interpretation places both god king and Amun together in the heavens where they belong.

  in the heavens.

Ramesses/Mars presenting to the god of the aurora, Amun (left) a group of bound prisoners. The King is always shown larger than ordinary folk because as a planetary body he physically was. He is shown equal in size to the gods because he occupied the domain of the gods - the sky. This is the very reason the god kings of ancient times were intermediaries between the mortal and the divine.

The Moon in the guise of Tuthmosis III ("born of the lunar god Thoth") in the iconic pose of smiting an enemy.

Detailed close-up of a limestone relief originally from Amarna depicting Nefertiti smiting a female captive on a royal barge. Nefertiti was a guise of Venus and this is one of the very rare occasions when Venus came close enough to earth to be observed emulating the warrior kings (Mars, Mercury and the Moon) smiting enemies - Nefertiti/Venus seemingly crashing headlong into tons of debris. The disk shown here with partial rays ending in hands is the newly born Mercury or as the Egyptians called it the Aten. The rays of the Aten/Mercury are giving life or shining on Nefertiti/Venus.

Ramesses/Mars smiting an enemy of Egypt. The above scene tells me this is a daytime battle with the light from the red Sun giving Ramesses/Mars a reddish yellow hue. This embodied in the whole scene i.e. the red coloured head and yellow headdress is red Mars enveloped by yellow/white clouds of volatiles. Ramesses/Mars is further coloured red (flesh) and yellow (loincloth) to emphasize this. The yellow 'skirt' also tells me the debris (earth's rings and the ecliptic debris) was further illuminated yellow as it fanned out towards earth. The yellow in the cartouche (meaning, the 'circuit of the Sun') reveals the sky also appeared basically yellow. The cobra on the forehead symbolizes the snake-like lava 'plumes' seen spiting 'fire and venom' as they lashed out into space from the Martian surface. As with most scenes, the red disk is again plentiful.

A Pharaoh as a lion trampling the enemy underfoot.

The key here is the distinctly odd headgear - the disk in the center is not the Sun, it is a planetary body, probably the recently captured Moon. The plumes are very close to what was seen as the solar wind slammed into the Moon as it fell under the electromagnetic and gravitational spell of the earth. Dust and debris granting visibility to the magnetotail of the body. Something similar to earth's magnetotail on the right (sun at the bottom).
The ram horns symbolize, in this case, the 'roles' of dust littering the ecliptic.

So the true meaning of the image is as follows; it represents the Moon taking on the attributes of a fearless lion as it vacuums up the countless tons of dust and debris encircling the earth.

I would further suggest the fan on the lions back represents enormous plumes of dusk and debris that were thrown up into space as the Moon was impacted by massive boulders. If this isn't the case then why have a fan sticking out of the lions rear in this way??

Below is a similar 'trampling scene' placed beneath a pharaohs throne. I don't know about you but I've yet to come across a blue lion. The moon appeared a variety of colours as too did the planets Mars, Mercury and queen Venus hence a blue lion - blue and gold to be more specific. I'm guessing this is a daytime scene i.e. sunside.

In the theme of sky battles, above we have a griffin sphinx trampling enemies on the pharaoh's skirt. The populace fully understood the meaning of these images - astral god kings seemingly crashing headlong into enemy celestial bodies.

Ramesses and the Battle of Kadesh

A drawing of the reliefs at the Temple of Luxor depicting the Battle of Kadesh. The bottom register shows Ramesses/Mars II (shown larger = planetary body) single-handedly charging the enemy. A practice any modern day commander would cringe at. Despite our history books containing very detailed accounts of this, 'battle of battles' the location of Kadesh has yet to found! A Prediction on which my theory stands. The Battle of Kadesh as with all Pharaonic battles will never be archeologically verified because they were all wars fought in the heavens. (Ramesses = "Re (the red sun) has fashioned him" i.e. the red Mars).

Lower half of the Battlefield Palette. Undoubtedly a wars in the heavens

Horus Behdety - The Winged Disk

Re-Horakhty takes flight giving rise to the winged disk.

Horus Behdety, the Winged Disk (not the Sun!). Temple of Sobek, Kom Ombo. Photo: .
Cosmic catastrophe in plain sight. A meticulously carved winged sphere - a direct representation of a winged planet that graced earth's skies only a few thousand years ago.
"Great God, Lord of Heaven, Dappled of Plumage"

The winged disk is a familiar emblem found in Egypt, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and Persia. It can be found carved over temple doorways, on the rounded top of stela (as above) and on many papyri. The exact nature of the winged disk has been the subject of discussion and disagreement for over half a century.

Having no concept of catastrophism Egyptologists affirm the winged sun-disk represents the midday Sun . A truly perplexing situation given the Egyptian noontime Sun graces the skies as a golden glaring ball - it doesn't have wings and most certainly isn't coloured red (the above orb was once coloured red). More than that, scholars are ignoring the text and iconography which clearly reveals the winged disk was venerated as Horus Behdety and was in fact the 'son of Re,' a totally separate deity to Re.

Again, disassociating from Re

To the ancient Egyptians the winged disk was yet another form of the god Horus. He was known as Horus Behdety, Horus of Behdet (Edfu) and belonged to the Haroeris (Horus the Elder) side of Horus. As with the majority of Horus forms many Pharaohs were believed to be the incarnation of Horus Behdety.  

"Horus Behdety was represented as a winged sun disk on temples all over Egypt, just as Ra had apparently decreed."

So wherever you see an image of the winged disk you are looking at Horus Behdety, not Re or Ra, but Horus Behdety, this is an accepted fact! And, as I contend, a totally separate entity (or manifested body) to the Sun.     

Planetary chaos gives rise to a new winged form of Horus.

As we have seen the Horus form Re-Horakhty originated as a result of planetary god kings (Horus incarnate) migrating sunside (between the Sun and the earth) to many times rise and set in front of Re hence, the 'Re Horus of the horizons.' Horus Behdety also came about due to the location and attributes of the planetary kings, notably the movements and attributes of pharaonic Mercury. Mars and the Moon periodically exhibited winged traits upon close approach to earth during the New Kingdom, especially prior to and post Amarna Period. However, it was the new born Mercury (Mars' iron core) where the main origin of the winged disk lies. By a combination of the solar wind, remnant magnetism (Mercury, once the dynamo of Mars), and dust and debris, Mercury was seen to adorn 'wings' on numerous occasions (especially around noon) as it migrated from the vicinity of earth towards the Sun. It was clearly seen courtesy of a hazed red Sun, sometimes even seemingly sailing across the sky in Re's solar barque of millions of years. Mercury's birth was not only the primary orb responsible for the creation of the winged Horus Behdety, but also primary responsible for the winged disk throughout the ancient world.


The spherical shape of Mercury easily discerned and represented accordingly. The twin cobras are a symbolic representation of a scolding hot surface lashing out into space

"Behdety, the great god, the one of the many-coloured plumage, lord of the Heavens."
(The Beit Shean stela of Seti I)

A shadow caused by the winged Mercury when close to earth?

"Behdety spreads his arms for you as a cool space."
(Amun temple at Karnak,

Horus Behdety the Son of Re.

The following reveals how 'Horus, son of Re' gave rise (literally) to Horus Behdety, clearly alluding to a separate Horus body - in this case Mercury. 

"At this juncture Thoth (Moon) declared that Horus, son of Ra, should be called Horus Behdety, and Behdet (Edfu) should be called the city of Horus; and Ra referred with pleasure to the blood which his son had shed and which he likened to grapes."
(The Gods of Egyptians, Budge, p 477).

Taken from 'The Legend of Horus of Behdety and the Winged Disk' (note: a late myth) the following excerpts not only confirm the Re 'offspring' relationship but also demonstrates some of the many distinct forms of Horus. They also clearly reveal that the main role of Horus Behdety was to assist Re in combating his enemies. Hardly surprising given that Mercury was pummelled by space debris as it dominated the skies to the forefront of Re (see The Nonexistent Battles of the Pharaohs).
"And Isis (ecliptic), the divine lady, spake before Ra (sun), saying, "Let the exalted Winged Disk become the amulet of my son Horus, who hath cut off the head of the Enemy and the heads of his fiends."

"Then the Majesty of Ra Harmachis (the Re Horus in the horizon, analogous to Re-Horakhty) said unto thy divine Ka (double), O Horus-Behdety, O son of Ra, thou exalted one, who didst proceed from me, overthrow thou the enemies who are before thee straightway. And Horus Behdety flew up into the horizon in the form of the great Winged Disk, for which reason he is called Great God, Lord of Heaven, unto this day."

"And when he saw the enemies in the heights of heaven he set out to follow after them in the form of the great Winged Disk, and he attacked with such terrific force those who opposed him, that they could neither see with their eyes nor hear with their ears, and each of them slew his fellow. In a moment of time there was not a single creature left alive. Then Horus Behdety, shining with very many colours, came in the form of the great Winged Disk to the Boat of Ra-Harmachis (The 'Re Horus in the Horizon')..."

"And Horus Behdety said, Advance, O Ra, and look thou upon thine enemies who are lying under thee on this land; thereupon the Majesty of Ra set out on the way... "

"And Ra said unto Horus of Heben, O Winged Disk, thou great god and lord of heaven..."

"Then Ra (Sun) said unto Thoth (Moon), See what mighty things Horus Behdety (Mercury?) hath performed in his deeds against the enemies: verily he bath smitten them!"
It is truly perplexing how scholars lump all Horus gods (in addition to so many other deities) into the category of 'solar gods' when the text unequivocally reveals otherwise.

Below is an example of two distinctive forms of Horus joining forces to vanquish Egypt's enemies. It's more than possible that Mars and Mercury are being talked about here (as two forms of Horus).

"Thus Horus Behdety and Horus, the son of Isis (Harsiese), slaughtered that evil Enemy, and his fiends, and the inert foes, and came forth with them to the water on the west side of this district. And Horus Behdety was in the form of a man of mighty strength, and he had the face of a hawk, and his head was crowned with the White Crown and the Red Crown, and with two plumes (cometary tails) and two uraei, and he had the back of a hawk, and his spear and his chain were in his hands. And Horus, the son of Isis, transformed himself into a similar shape, even as Horus Behdety had done before him."

"Horus Behdety fights constantly against Seth and an army of darkness to ensure that the sun rises each day."  This is a separate body seemingly assisting Re as it rises in the east.



Sailing across the heavens in Re's boat.

"Then Horus Behdety took upon himself the form of the Winged Disk, and he placed himself upon the front of the Boat of Ra. And he placed by his side the goddess Nekhebet and the goddess Wadjet, in the form of two serpents, that they might make the enemies to quake in [all] their limbs..."
('two serpents,'

"And Horus Behdety was at the back (or, side) of them in the Boat of Ra, and those who were following him had spears of metal and chains of metal in their hands;

"And Horus Behdety made a journey in the boat of Re..."

"Then Horus Behdety spake in the presence of his father Ra, saying, I beseech thee to set thy boat against them, so that I may be able to perform against them that which Ra willeth; and this was done."

The first rock from the sun Mercury, even today travels with the sun across the sky, only today it is deemed invisible due to the glare from the Sun. Not so only a few thousand years ago, numerous bodies were observed seemingly cruising aboard Re's eternal barque, courtesy of a hazed sun. The Moon, once a month and for a few days either side of new moon today also follows the sun across the sky; so as I said before I'm not ruling out other bodies as Behdety manifest, especially given that our moon was molten hot and glowing red only a few thousand years ago. Incidentally, some have discussed how the ancients could possibly measure the exactly timing of the New Moon. Answer; they simply observed it as it lined up (conjunction) with the Sun.

The timing of the conflict paralleling Mercury's breakaway.

Its even possible to even narrow down the time of year Behdety assisted Re in his eternal struggle against evil. 

"This winged disk—which was sometimes identified with the Morning and Evening Star (Fairman pp. 35-36 [12,4—12, 6])—represents the assistance Horus offers to Re in combating his enemies during the Egyptian seasons of akhet and the first half of peret, roughly from our late summer to the winter solstice

The timing of the above is very interesting as I believe it is the legacy of the time when Mars locked into orbit above the Trans-Himalayas and belched out Mercury. This 'final separation' allowed earth to wobble back on its axis, thus creating the seasons. Following this genesis, Mercury (and Mars) in a periodic resonant orbit with earth would return to its place of origin for many subsequent years thereafter (prior to being dragged off towards the sun with Venus). Through ancient eyes, and taking the sacred text at face value, this was around the time of the winter solstice, just prior to the sun returning along the horizon. Its Christmas! As a gigantic tree of volatiles or 'Tree of Life' (Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Tower of Babel, all precursors to the Christmas tree,) was seen to rise skywards above the Trans Himalayas, upon each close approach.







A nice Christmas tree wth a 'star' above it, now where have I seen that before?






Note the reference to Behdety as 'sometimes identified with the Morning and Evening Star.' Mercury today is a morning and evening star e.g. 'evening star,' visible after sunset, 'Morning star,' visible before sunrise. If Mercury is being referred to here, then it is a late reference - a time when the sun's true golden power began to shine through and Mercury became lost in the suns glare during the day, becoming visible only around the twilight hours.       

The word 'sometimes,' because we are, after all dealing with chaos.

Iron Age fallout?

"Horus Behdety is assisted by numerous followers, called mesenu, or ‘harpooners,’ armed with iron spears and chains.
"And from that day figures of Horus Behdety in metal have existed."

"And Horus Behdety did battle with the Enemy for a period of time, and he hurled his iron lance at him, and he threw him down on the ground in this region, which is called Pa-Rerehtu unto this day." (ibid)

It is with no surprise we find an association between Horus Behdety and iron. As Mercury exited Mars, a natural sequence of events saw countless tons of iron debris produced. Large quantities of which fell to earth as iron meteorites - a direct association was made. I would again like to point out that at the same time Mercury exited the Valles Marineris incalculable quantities of vaporized iron rich rock was produced from around Mars' core. This condensed and fell to earth as iron rich sand. The evidence of which is in plain sight for all to see - it forms the majority of the worlds iron rich deserts (and beaches, see Sahara Desert). Even as we speak, the earth today is constantly being bombarded by tons of iron micrometeorites and sand. Believed to have existed from the birth of the Solar System - this is totally incorrect. Such debris is the remnants of the genesis of Mercury only a few thousand years ago!  

The bombardment of iron meteorites has led catastrophist writer Professor Alfred de Grazia to propose the Iron Age owes it origins to the Mercury from Mars event. See Grazia's The Iron Age of Mars.
Horus Behdety manifest through the god kings.

As with all the afore mentioned Horus,' Horus Behdety was also directly associated with kingship - many kings were believed to be the 'Living Horus' Behdety during their reign and became one with the god after death.
The same text that tells us Behdety assisted Re around the time of the winter solstice also includes formula for the king to identify himself with Horus Behdety.

“On the day on which trouble and strife occur,” the king reciting four times, “I am the God’s avenger who came forth from Behdet, and Horus of Behdet is my name,”
"Behdety became a deity especially protective of the king, and on either side of the sun disc (Not the sun!) a uraeus was added, the cobra deity Uto of Buto in Lower Egypt being in charge of the protection of the pharaoh, the mortal substitute of the divine ruler of Egypt, Horus.

Strong support for the Pharaohs as Behdety incarnate comes to us via one of the most well renowned and respected Egyptologists Sir Alan Gardiner, who argued that the disk represented the 'actual person' of the of the king, syncretised with the sun-god (Dictionary of Ancient Egypt. Shaw & Nicholson, 2002, p305). He took his lead from images such as the one below which clearly shows the actual disk of Horus Behdety so named (via the kings cartouche directly below the disk) 'Nub-Maat-Re,' ("Lord of Truth like Re"). This being the throne name of Amenhotep III (Mars). Of course the "syncretised with the sun-god" bit is a perfect example of Egyptologists lack of understanding of Horus gods and thus lumping them all together under the heading of 'solar gods.' Oh dear.


The above image shows Amenhotep ("The Dazzling Disk of all Lands") as an aspect of Mars just prior to giving birth to Mercury (Aten). Amenhotep is represented three times, primarily as Horus Behdety at the top of the stele and in human form either side of the carved stone. He is offering to Amun, the god of aurora. More on this image plus a bit more


Seti (Mercury)

"[Winged sun disc]: Behdety, the great god, the one of the many-coloured plumage, lord of the Heavens: the perfect god, lord of the two lands Men-Maat-Re (Seti), who is given life like Re, every protection and all life be behind him." (The Beit Shean stela of Seti,

Ramesses/Mars depicted either side of the stela offering to the god Amun (aurora). Surmounting the round toped stone is Ramesses/Mars as Horus Behdety incarnate. The name of Ramesses (enclosed in the a cartouche) is clearly written just below the disk. The name reads "Strong by the Truth of Re, Chosen of Re." A very fitting title as Ramesses/Mars appeared primarily as a red disk, just like the Sun

Further support for a winged Ramesses/Mars comes to us via an inscription at the great temple at Abu Simbel which reads "He Who Spreads Out His Wings Over His Army" (Breasted, Records, Vol III p213).     


Kings with Wings

In the Pyramid Texts there are many descriptions of kings adorning the wings of a falcon.

"His (the King's) two wings have grown into (those of) a falcon, his two plumes are (those of) a sacred falcon." (PT 250 cWN)

"The King ascends to heaven to thy presence, O Re. The face of the King is (that of) falcons. The wings of the king are (those of ) birds, his talons are the claws of 'Anty-wy." (PT 461 a-d WPN) "He (the King) ascends to heaven. The top of his wings is (that of) a great bird."


The cartouches of Ramesses the Great (Mars) alongside (thus associating with) Horus Behdety.


The winged disk of Tutankhamun Mars as Horus Behdety incarnate. Tutankhamun ("The Lordly Manifestation of Re") is clearly named via the two cartouches directly below the incandescent Mars.

Making sense of the imagery.

Although it was the astral kings with their winged attributes who gave rise to Horus Behdety (and were so named, as shown above), in later times the winged disk became a natural divine symbol of protection taking pride of place over temple doorways and on the rounded top of stela, etc.

In other words, wherever we see the winged disk it doesn't signify Mercury (or any other another body) was present in full bloom above. On the contrary, Behdety developed into yet another form of the sky god Horus - a Horus who adorned the very distinctive and aesthetically pleasing traits of wings. And as with the previously discussed Horus,' he could be called upon (along with other Horus forms) as and when the situation or image required.

I would offer the very simple formula: If the winged disk has below it a cartouche (as in the above image, the kings name), then it represents, as Sir Alan Gardiner correctly surmised, the 'actual person' of the king - a celestial king as he actually appeared at the time of construction of the said artefact. If on the other hand, a cartouche isn't in sight as in the image below, then we are dealing with more of a universal emblem of protection.

Confused? What do you expect given An Ancient World in Chaos!

What follows is a collection of images and my interpretation. 


Horus Behdety, a later universal symbol of protection. If the winged disk represents the Sun at midday, how was it possible to discern the spherical shape with the sun's glare? Moreover, why did the Egyptians paint the globe RED (the globe was once painted red) and not yellow?


The capitols here are symbolic of Lightning Sprites reaching out into the heavens. As with the Winged Disk, such symbolism was ubiquitous throughout the ancient world. Something I'll be writing about in the future.


Top of the stela is Horus Behdety as indentified by the hieroglyphs. Below, an adoration of the gods Re-Horakhty (wearing the usual red disk) and Atum (Zodiacal light) who wears the joint crown of upper and lower Egypt. Re-Horakhty and Horus Behdety were often shown together as in the image below.












A royal offering to Ra-Horakhty, the 'Great God, Lord of the Sky.' Again, in the presence of the winged Behdety as identified by the text. The 'Re Horus of the Horizons' and the all encompassing Horus Behdety, praised by the deceased, who incidentally, wears a 'comet' on her head.